Psychology-Chapter 2`Terms
Terms
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- double-blind experiment
- an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants received which treatment
- Milgram experiment
- a. There were learners and teachers. The learner knew about the experiment. It was a single blind experiment. The learner was actually a tape recorder. The teacher reads off a list of unrelated words and the learn guesses the answer and if they were wrong the teacher gives the person an electric shock.
- sample
- the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies
- single-blind experiment
- an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment
- frequency distribution
- an arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score of observation occurs
- variable
- any factor that is capable of change
- statistics
- the branch of mathematics concerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data
- inferential statistics
- numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance
- case study
- research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants
- standard deviation
- a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean
- hypothesis
- an educated guess about the relationship between two variables
- population
- an entire group that is being studied
- correlation coefficent
- describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables
- purpose of human subjects committee
- This "group" is to make sure research involving humans, is ethical, beneficial, and justifiable.
- placebo effect
- a change in a participant's illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than the actual treatment
- correlation
- the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data
- scatterplot
- a graph of participants' scores on the two variables, and it demonstrates the direction of the graph. (Negative/Positive)
- longitudinal study
- research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development
- random sample
- a type of sample is one that each individual has an equal chance of being represented.
- naturalistic observation
- research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering
- stratified sample
- a type of sample where subgroups in the population are represented proportionally.
- cross-sectional study
- research method in which data is collected from groups from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age
- experimental group
- the group to which an independent variable is applied
- central tendency
- a number that describes something about the "average" score of a distribution
- normal curve
- a graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normal distribution
- bell-shaped curve
- a graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell shaped, curve; a graph of normal distribution.
- survey
- research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions
- frequency polygon
- Histograms are very similar to bar graphs except that histograms show frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose widths represent class intervals. These class intervals are proportional.
- descriptive statistics
- the listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- a situation in which a researcher's expectations influence that person's own behavior, and there by influence the participant's behavior
- variance
- a measure of difference or variance
- representative
- pertaining to the researchers study
- control group
- the group that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment (the independent variable) is not applied
- range
- to find the ______ the lowest data point subtracted from the highest data point.
- nonrepresentative
- not pertaining to the data
- histogram
- these are very similar to bar graphs except that these show frequency distributions by means of rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportionate to the corresponding frequencies.